Programming Languages

General

• Computer Languages History
• "The Language List"
• Hardware Definition Languages, Circuit
  Verification/Analysis Tools, PIC Tools (from the Hardware section)
• CRAPS!
  ('Completely Random and Arbitrary Point System!'. Web site which ranks
  software solutions in different languages based on CPU usage, memory usage, and
  lines of code)
  (w32 test)

Assembler Languages & Resources

• GAS
  (GNU Assembler is part of the
  GNU binutils package)
  (manual)
• Assembly HowTo
• Assembly Programming
• "The Art of Assembly Language"
• Fasm ('Flat Assembler'. Fasm is an
  Int*l 80x86 processor-family assembler. Fasm can produce output in: binary, MZ,
  PE or COFF format. License: BSD-style)
• Aasm ('Advanced Assembler'.
  Assembler designed to support several target architectures. Aasm can produce output
  in: ELF, COFF, IntelHex, and binary format.)
  (cvs)
  (ml)
• Intel2GAS
  (Tool to convert NASM assembler syntax into GAS assembler syntax)
• AS (Portable macro
  cross-assembler for a variety of microprocessors and -controllers. Inactive project)
• Mother (Modular and generic
  compiler is designed to compile arbitrary computer languages to arbitrary
  assembler code. Inactive project.)

Functional Languages

• Lisp (overview page)
• Haskell
• OCaml (overview page)
• MLton (A whole-program
  optimizing compiler for the Standard ML (SML) programming language.
  MLton runs on x86-compatible machines with GNU/Linux or Cygwin/Windows.)
  (cvs)
  (ml)
  (SML features)
• GNU SmartEiffel ('Fastest
  and slimmest' Eiffel
  language compiler)
• GNU Prolog
  (Prolog compiler)
  (ml)
• SWI-Prolog
  (Prolog compiler.
  License: statement)
  (ml)

Imperative,
Native-compiled Languages

• C (ANSI standardized, hardware optimized,
  Un*x-symbiotic language
  originally created by Dennis M. Ritchie.)
• C++ (ISO standardized, C derived, OO and Generic
  Programming supportive language)
• Objective C (OO language which
  is a superset of ANSI C and provides classes and message passing similar to
  Smalltalk.)
• Fortran
  ("FORmula TRANslation". ISO/IEC standardized language particularly well
  suited for solving numerical computing tasks. FORTRAN was the first
  high-level computer programming language.)
  (G95 Fortran 95 compiler)
  (ml)
  (GNU Fortran 77)
• PFE

  ("Portable Forth Environment". ANSI standard compliant Forth compiler.)
  (cvs)

Imperative,
Intermediate-compiled Languages

• Bash (The
  standard GNU command language interpreter)
  (ml)
  (manual)
  (programmable completion project)
  ("Advanced Bash-Scripting Guide")
• Ash
  (Debian Almquist shell. Lightweight POSIX compliant shell.)
• Perl (Because there's more than
  one way to do it!)
  (modules by category)
  (PerlDoc documentation portal)
  (Use Perl news forum)
  (Perl 6 status)
  (ml)
  (Perl Mongers Perl User Groups)
  (Planet Perl Perl developers journal
  aggregation site)
  (deb)
• Python (OO scripting language)
  (Planet Python
  Python developers journal aggregation site)
  (ml)
• Ruby (OO scripting language)
  (cvs)
  (deb)
• PHP
  (Perl inspired domain specific
  language for web based, server-side scripting.
  License:
  PHP License, please also read the PHP license comments
  here
  and here.)
  (ml)
  (deb)
• Mono
  (Free implementation of the M$ inspired .Net development framework)
  (ml)
  (deb)
• DotGNU
  (Free implementation of the M$ inspired .Net development framework)
  (cvs)
  (ml)

Other Languages (or free implementations thereof)

• Free Pascal
  (Free software compiler for the
  Pascal language)
• OpenCOBOL (COBOL compiler, which
  translates COBOL programs to C code and compiles this using GNU GCC)
  (cvs)
  (ml)
• REXX (Scripting language from IBM.
  License: Common Public License)
  Pascal language)
  (wp)
• Cilk
  (General-purpose parallel programming language, implemented in C,
  using multi-threading)
• Pliant (Pliant consists of
  a programming language implemented in C, a set of libraries,
  and a set of common applications)
• Lua (Lightweight
  scripting language, implemented in C, designed for extending
  applications)
  (ml)
• Q
  (Equational programming language implemented in C)
• Mercury
  (Logic/functional programming language implemented in C)
  (ml)
• Zoem
  (Macro based programming language, implemented in C, with filtering capabilities.)
  (ml)
• Nosica (OO language,
  implemented in Java, which aims to have a clean and safe syntax.
  Nosica can be compiled with
  GCJ)
  (forums)
• MetaL
  (XML based meta-programming language implemented in PHP.
  License: BSD-style)